The Ultimate Selenium Cheat Sheet for Test Automation Engineers (2026 Edition)

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--headless=new");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--headless=new")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

import static org.openqa.selenium.support.locators.RelativeLocator.with;
WebElement emailField = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
WebElement passwordField = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("input")).below(emailField));

from selenium.webdriver.support.relative_locator import locate_with
password_field = driver.find_element(
    locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").below((By.ID, "email"))
)

WebElement shadowHost = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("shadow-host-selector"));
SearchContext shadowRoot = shadowHost.getShadowRoot();
WebElement shadowElement = shadowRoot.findElement(By.cssSelector("element-inside-shadow-dom"));

shadow_host = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "shadow-host-selector")
shadow_root = shadow_host.shadow_root
shadow_element = shadow_root.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "element-inside-shadow-dom")

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.contextClick(element).perform();       // right-click
actions.doubleClick(element).perform();        // double-click
actions.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform(); // drag and drop
actions.moveToElement(element).perform();      // hover

from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

actions = ActionChains(driver)
actions.context_click(element).perform()        # right-click
actions.double_click(element).perform()         # double-click
actions.drag_and_drop(source, target).perform() # drag and drop
actions.move_to_element(element).perform()      # hover       
        

((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("window.scrollBy(0, 1000)");
((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);", element);

driver.execute_script("window.scrollBy(0, 1000)")
driver.execute_script("arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);", element)  
        

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

driver.implicitly_wait(10)

String original = driver.getWindowHandle();
Set<String> allHandles = driver.getWindowHandles();

for (String handle : allHandles) {
    if (!handle.equals(original)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(handle);
        break;
    }
}

    original = driver.current_window_handle

for handle in driver.window_handles:
    if handle != original:
        driver.switch_to.window(handle)
        break
    

Select dropdown = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("dropdown_id")));
dropdown.selectByVisibleText("Option Text");
dropdown.selectByIndex(2);
dropdown.selectByValue("option_value");

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
dropdown = Select(driver.find_element(By.ID, "dropdown_id"))
dropdown.select_by_visible_text("Option Text")
dropdown.select_by_index(2)
dropdown.select_by_value("option_value")
    

WebElement uploadElement = driver.findElement(By.id("fileUpload"));
uploadElement.sendKeys("C:\\path\\to\\file.jpg");

file_input = driver.find_element(By.ID, "file_upload_id")
file_input.send_keys("/path/to/file.jpg")
    

# CSV
import csv

with open("data.csv", "r") as file:
    for row in csv.reader(file):
        print(row)

# Excel (pandas)
import pandas as pd

data = pd.read_excel("data.xlsx")
for index, row in data.iterrows():
    print(row)
    

docker run -d -p 4444:4444 --name selenium-hub selenium/hub:latest

docker run -d --link selenium-hub:hub selenium/node-chrome:latest

name: Selenium Tests
on: [push]

jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up Python
        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
        with:
          python-version: '3.12'
      - run: pip install -r requirements.txt
      - run: pytest --headless